Hypertension: Causes, Symptoms, and Natural remedies

Table of Contents

Introduction to Hypertension

Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a prevalent medical condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Hypertension is a chronic medical condition characterized by persistently elevated blood pressure levels. It is often referred to as the “silent killer” due to its asymptomatic nature, meaning that individuals may not experience noticeable symptoms until complications arise. Hypertension is a significant risk factor for various cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks, strokes, and heart failure.

What is blood pressure?

Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels. It consists of two measurements: systolic pressure (the top number) and diastolic pressure (the bottom number). Systolic pressure represents the force when the heart contracts, while diastolic pressure is the force when the heart is at rest between beats.

Blood pressure measurements

Blood pressure is typically measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). A standard blood pressure reading is expressed as systolic over diastolic pressure, such as 120/80 mmHg. The American Heart Association (AHA) defines normal blood pressure as less than 120/80 mmHg.

Classification of blood pressure levels

Blood pressure levels are categorized into several stages:

Normal: Less than 120/80 mmHg
Elevated: 120-129/less than 80 mmHg
Hypertension stage 1: 130-139/80-89 mmHg
Hypertension stage 2: 140 or higher/90 or higher mmHg
Hypertensive crisis: Higher than 180/higher than 120 mmHg

Causes and Risk Factors of Hypertension

Primary (essential) hypertension

The majority of hypertension cases (approximately 90-95%) fall under the category of primary or essential hypertension. Its exact cause is often unknown, but multiple factors contribute to its development, including genetics, age, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and stress.

Secondary hypertension

Secondary hypertension accounts for a smaller percentage of cases and is caused by an underlying medical condition. Examples include kidney diseases, hormonal disorders, certain medications, and sleep apnea. Treating the underlying cause can help manage secondary hypertension.

Risk factors for hypertension

Several risk factors increase the likelihood of developing hypertension, including age, family history, obesity, tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, high-sodium diet, lack of physical activity, and chronic conditions like diabetes and high cholesterol.

Symptoms and Effects of Hypertension

Silent killer: asymptomatic nature

Hypertension is often called the silent killer because it rarely causes noticeable symptoms in its early stages. This makes regular blood pressure monitoring crucial, as undiagnosed and uncontrolled hypertension can lead to severe complications.

Effects on the cardiovascular system

Prolonged high blood pressure can damage blood vessels, leading to atherosclerosis, aneurysms, and heart diseases. It strains the heart, making it work harder to pump blood, which can result in conditions like coronary artery disease, heart failure, and arrhythmias.

Impact on other organs and systems

Hypertension also affects other organs and systems in the body. It can damage the kidneys, eyes, and brain, increasing the risk of kidney disease, vision problems, and strokes. Furthermore, hypertension contributes to erectile dysfunction in men and can cause complications during pregnancy.

Hypertension according to Ayurveda

Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is attributed to the impaired functioning of Vyana and Udana, which are subtypes of Vata dosha in Ayurveda. When Vata becomes vitiated, it disrupts the circulation of Rakta Dhatu (blood), leading to chaos in its flow. This disturbance of Rakta and Pitta doshas is the basis of Raktagata Vata, a condition comparable to high blood pressure.

In Raktagata Vata, there is a disturbance in the integrity and organization of blood, caused by imbalances in Vata and Pitta. The increased presence of Avalambaka Kapha further exacerbates the issue, causing blockages in the arteries and arterioles. This can result in atherosclerosis, peripheral resistance, and the manifestation of high blood pressure and heart problems.

Another condition related to hypertension in Ayurveda is Raktavrita Vata, where severe disturbances in Rakta and Vata prevent normal movement. This condition can give rise to various complications associated with high blood pressure. The concept of Vatarakta or Vatashonita may also be considered when studying hypertension from an Ayurvedic perspective.

Other factors and doshas can contribute to the manifestation of high blood pressure. Pachaka Pitta (digestive fire) and its associated Samana Vayu can be depressed, disrupting overall metabolism in the body. Prana Vayu, influenced by stress and anxiety, can worsen the disease over time. Apana Vayu, when aggravated due to emotional distress, can cause Udavarta (increased and irregular movement of Vayu), placing physiological stress on the stomach and heart.

Sadhaka Pitta, Hridaya (heart/brain), and Tarpaka Kapha (nervous system lubricants) are also involved in hypertension. Their imbalance can affect heart function, disrupt coordination between the brain and heart, and contribute to mental factors that aggravate or are involved in the onset of high blood pressure.

The disturbance of Raja and Tama bhava (mental factors according to Ayurveda) cannot be disregarded in the pathogenesis of hypertension. They may play a role either at the beginning or as contributing factors throughout the disease process.

Causes of Raktagata vata

Guru Ahara(Heavy food for Digestion)
Ati Bhojan(Excessive intake of food)
Bhaya(Fear)
Ati Vyayama(Excessive Exercise)
Krodha (Angerness)
Ati Madhura Aahara(Excessive sweet food)
Madhya Sevan(Consumption of Alchohol)
Diwaswapana(Day sleep)
Dhumrapana(Smoking)

Symptoms of Raktagata Vata

रुजस्तीव्राः ससन्तापा वैवर्ण्यं कृशताऽरुचिः |
गात्रे चारूंषि भुक्तस्य स्तम्भश्चासृग्गतेऽनिले ||

(Cha.Chi.28/31)

Tivra Ruja(Pain)
Santapa(Burning sensation)
Vaivarnya(Discoloration)
Krushta(Loss of body weight)
Aruchi(Anorexia)
Arunshi(Boils over Body)
Stabdhata after a meal( Stiffness after meal)

Other symptoms

Shoth(Oedema)
Daha(Burning in feet)
Klama(Tiredness without exception)
Spandan(Palpitation)
Kampa(Tremors)
Swedadhikya (Excessive sweating)
Vibandh(Constipation)
Murchchha(Fainting)
Shunyata(Numbness in Body)

Diagnosing Hypertension

Blood pressure measurement methods

Blood pressure can be measured using a sphygmomanometer, which consists of an inflatable cuff and a pressure gauge. Automated blood pressure monitors are also available for home use, providing convenience and frequent monitoring.

Diagnostic criteria

The diagnosis of hypertension is based on multiple blood pressure readings taken on different occasions. The AHA defines hypertension as consistently elevated blood pressure equal to or exceeding 130/80 mmHg. Diagnosis may also involve evaluating additional risk factors and performing further tests.

Additional tests and evaluations

In some cases, additional tests may be conducted to assess the impact of hypertension on various organs and systems. These tests may include blood tests, urine tests, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, and imaging studies.

Ayurvedic Management of Hypertension

Ayurvedic Treatment of Raktagata Vata(Hypertension) is Sanshodhan Chikitsa and Sanshaman Chikitsa which are described below:

Sanshodhan Chikitsa

Virechan Karma(Purgation therapy): It is a great way of maintaining and eliminating Pitta dosha associated with Kapha and Vayu doshas. It is also good for metabolism and improves digestion. Virechan therapy restores blood health, improves circulation, and also removed blocks of blood vessels.
Lekhan Basti(Decoction Enema): This is the best treatment for maintain Vayu dosha in the body which is the main factor of Hypertension. If we control the Vayu dosha then the health will be restored by itself.
Raktamokshan(Blood letting): Raktamokshana therapy is used for Rakta dushti janya vikar. This therapy let out the contaminated blood and remove blocks from circulation. Also it improves blood circulation and circulatory functions.

Sanshamana Chikitsa

Herbal Remedies

Arjuna (Terminalia arjuna): Arjuna is a renowned herb in Ayurveda known for its cardiovascular benefits. It helps strengthen the heart muscles, improve circulation, and maintain healthy blood pressure levels.
Sarpagandha (Rauwolfia serpentina): Sarpagandha is commonly used in Ayurveda to manage hypertension. It has natural hypotensive properties and helps relax blood vessels, reducing blood pressure.
Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera): Ashwagandha is an adaptogenic herb that helps reduce stress and anxiety. It supports overall well-being and may help lower blood pressure by promoting relaxation.
Brahmi (Bacopa Monnieri): Brahmi is a renowned herb for enhancing brain function and reducing stress. It may help regulate blood pressure by calming the nervous system.

Ayurvedic Medicine

Chandrakala Rasa
Jahar Mohra Pishti
Punarnava Mandur Vati
Nagarjunabhra Rasa
Sweta Parpati
Rason Guggulu
Ashwagandha Churnam
Sarpagandha Churnam
Navak Guggulu
Brahmi Vati
Arjunarishtam
Mansyadi kashayam
Sarswatarishta
Hradyarnava Rasa
Arjun Twak Churnam
Jatamansi Churnam

Lifestyle modifications

Lifestyle changes play a vital role in managing hypertension. They include adopting a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins, reducing sodium intake, maintaining a healthy weight, limiting alcohol consumption, and quitting smoking. Regular exercise and stress reduction techniques, such as meditation or yoga, can also contribute to blood pressure control.

Medications for hypertension

In some cases, lifestyle modifications alone may not be sufficient, and medications may be prescribed to manage hypertension. Commonly used medications include diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and others. The choice of medication depends on individual factors and potential side effects.

Complementary and alternative approaches

Certain complementary and alternative approaches, such as acupuncture, relaxation techniques, and herbal supplements, may provide additional support in managing hypertension. However, it is essential to consult with healthcare professionals before incorporating these approaches into the treatment plan.

Prevention of Hypertension

Healthy lifestyle habits

Adopting healthy lifestyle habits can significantly reduce the risk of developing hypertension. This includes maintaining a healthy weight, engaging in regular physical activity, managing stress effectively, and avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption.

Regular exercise

Regular exercise is beneficial for managing blood pressure. Engaging in aerobic exercises, such as brisk walking, swimming, or cycling, for at least 150 minutes per week can help lower blood pressure levels and improve overall cardiovascular health.

Balanced diet

A balanced diet, known as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, focuses on consuming whole foods, reducing sodium intake, and incorporating nutrient-rich foods. This diet promotes the consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy products.

Hypertension and Its Relation to Other Conditions

Hypertension and diabetes

Hypertension and diabetes often coexist and contribute to each other’s progression. Individuals with diabetes are at higher risk of developing hypertension, and vice versa. Managing both conditions is essential to minimize the risk of complications.

Hypertension and kidney disease

Hypertension can lead to kidney damage and kidney disease. Conversely, kidney disease can elevate blood pressure. Close monitoring and proper management of hypertension are crucial for individuals with kidney disease.

Hypertension and stroke

Hypertension is a significant risk factor for strokes. High blood pressure can damage blood vessels in the brain, leading to an increased risk of ischemic strokes and hemorrhagic strokes. Controlling blood pressure is vital in reducing the risk of stroke.

Coping with Hypertension

Psychological impact

Receiving a hypertension diagnosis can have psychological implications. It is common for individuals to experience stress, anxiety, and concerns about their health. Seeking emotional support from loved ones, joining support groups, or consulting with mental health professionals can help individuals cope with the psychological impact of hypertension.

Support and self-care strategies

Building a support system and engaging in self-care strategies are important for managing hypertension. This includes regular monitoring of blood pressure, adhering to the prescribed treatment plan, making lifestyle modifications, and seeking guidance from healthcare professionals.

Managing stress

Stress can contribute to elevated blood pressure levels. Adopting stress management techniques, such as deep breathing exercises, meditation, or engaging in hobbies and activities that promote relaxation, can help individuals manage their stress levels and improve their overall well-being.

Conclusion

Hypertension is a prevalent medical condition that requires attention and management. By understanding its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options, individuals can take proactive steps to control their blood pressure levels effectively. Lifestyle modifications, medication adherence, and regular monitoring are key components of managing hypertension and reducing the risk of complications.

FAQs

Is hypertension a genetic condition?
- While genetics can contribute to the development of hypertension, lifestyle factors also play a significant role. Making healthy lifestyle choices can help manage blood pressure levels effectively, even for individuals with a genetic predisposition.
Can hypertension be cured completely?
- Hypertension is a chronic condition that cannot be cured completely. However, with appropriate management, including lifestyle modifications and medications, blood pressure can be controlled effectively, reducing the risk of complications.
What is the best time of day to measure blood pressure?
- Blood pressure should ideally be measured when the individual is relaxed and hasn’t engaged in strenuous activities or consumed stimulants like caffeine. Morning or evening measurements are commonly recommended, but consistency in timing is more important.
Can hypertension be prevented through diet alone?
- While diet plays a crucial role in preventing and managing hypertension, it is most effective when combined with other lifestyle modifications, such as regular exercise, stress management, and avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption.
How often should blood pressure be monitored?
- Regular blood pressure monitoring is essential for individuals with hypertension. The frequency of monitoring may vary based on the individual’s condition and the healthcare provider’s recommendation. It is typically advised to monitor blood pressure at home and during routine medical check-ups.